The first thing to remember with causality, especially in the non-physical sciences, is that it is impossible to establish complete causality.
However, the magical figure of 100% proof of causality is what every researcher must strive for, to ensure that a group of their peers will accept the results. The only way to do this is through a strong and well-considered experimental design, often containing pilot studies to establish cause and effect before plowing on with a complex and expensive study.
The temporal factor is usually the easiest aspect to neutralize, simply because most experiments involve administering a treatment and then observing the effects, giving a linear temporal relationship. In experiments that use historical data, as with the drinking/depression example, this can be a little more complex. Most researchers performing such a program will supplement it with a series of individual case studies, and interviewing a selection of the participants, in depth, will allow the researchers to find the order of events.
in this post i will give example of cause and effect in chemistry with dialogue , let's look the dialogue:
Eko : hi ferdi
Ferdi : hello eko , what's up ?
Eko : could i ask to you about chemistry experiment yesterday ?
Ferdi : of course
Eko : ok , our topic in laboratory yesterday is about "PH" right ?
ferdi : that's right , and your question ?
Eko : i've read the hand book , and in the book i found that if we mix Naoh and destilate water and then we use ph indicator fenolflatein the colour is red , but if we use fenolftalein in acid the colour will change to normal like water
its right ?
Ferdi : yes , thats correct eko , it happens because fenolftalein have own range ph to change the colour
when fenolftalein add to acid the colour just like normal , but if we add this indicator to alkali or bases with 8,3 - 10 ph range the colour will be change to red
Eko : hmm , i see thanks for your explanation ferdi
Ferdi : your welcome eko
and this is the ilustration of the cause and effect
Can we using another Indocator ? Explain please.
BalasHapusSingle Indicator
HapusSingle indicators can only distinguish acidic or basic solutions, but they can not determine the price of pH and pOH. Included in the single indicator are:
Lakmus red and blue
Red lobster => red in acid solution, and will change color to blue when immersed in alkaline solution.
The blue lantern => is blue in the base solution, and will turn red when immersed in the acid solution.
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein is one of the synthetic acid-base indicator which has a pH range between 8.00 - 10.0. In acid and neutral solutions, phenolphthalein is colorless. Whereas when put into an alkaline solution, the color will turn red.
Methyl orange
The orange methyl solution can distinguish between acidic and neutral solutions. Acid solutions methyl red will remain red, while the neutral solution is yellow. However, methyl orange will also cause a yellow base solution, Means, to determine whether a solution is either alkaline or neutral we can not use methyl orange.
Methyl red
The methyl red solution is the same as the methyl orange solution
Bromtimol blue in acidic solution will be yellow, in the base solution will be blue, and in the neutral solution will be yellowish blue.
Explain about defenation of PH please
BalasHapusPH is an extension of the hydrogen or power of hydrogen that is the acid base level of a solution measured on a scale of 0 s / d 14. High low pH of water is strongly influenced by other mineral content contained in water
HapusWhat is the impact and influence of pH on the plant?
BalasHapusEffect of PH on plants
Hapus1. PH can affect the absorption of plant roots on nutrients
2. If PH is turned towards the acid 3.5-4.5 plants tend to be susceptible to disease.
3. If PH is turned towards base above 7.5 it affects the decrease of iron availability (fe), Mangaan (Mn,) copper (cu), zinc (zn) and boron (bo).
4. PH below 6.0 causes decreased solubility of phosphoric acid, calcium (Ca), and magnesium
So if the PH swing or change2 plants like not given the nutrition or lack of eating, because the root absorption of nutrients is influenced by PH....
What are the advantages of phenolphthalein indicator compared to other indicators?
BalasHapusPhenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and is usually dissolved in alcohol for use in various experiments. This compound is a weak acid that can liberate H + ions in solution. The phenolphthalein molecule is colorless, and the phenolphthalein ion is pink. If a base is added to phenolphthalein, the molecular equilibrium ⇌ ion shifts to the right, causing more ionisation due to the release of H +
HapusPlease give me conclusion about your article?!
BalasHapusThe conclusion of the article that I post is about the use of fenoflatein in acidic and basic solutions such as those being discussed in the above dialogue
Hapus